Chenghua Porcelain enjoys the need to understand the background of the times

Chenghua Porcelain enjoys the need to understand the background of the time since I have my own memories. My grandfather and father love to collect. They have a lot of collections. The calligraphy, painting, porcelain, jade, and furniture are really rare. But my favorite is still porcelain. Now.

Appreciating Chenghua must first start with understanding the background of the era Ming Xianzong Zhu Jianshen (1447 ~ 1487) was the eldest son of Ming Dynasty Emperor Zhu Xizheng, after his succession to Yuan Chenghua, was for Ming Xianzong (reigned from 1465 to 1487). After the orthodox, Jingtai, and Tianshun dynasties (later known as the blank period or dark period in the history of porcelain development), Xianzong ascended to the throne as the first member of Li Xianwei and the courtiers included Peng Shi and Shang Yao. It can be said that there are many talented people, and the state administration is relatively clear. He first praised Yu Qianxue and won praise from the ruling court; afterwards, he once did not want to dispose of his position, but he replied with grievances, restored the imperial concubine's emperor's number, and refurbished the Jingtai imperial concubine. Thanks to the facilitation of the prime minister and the above-mentioned series of measures, the relative prosperity of the social economy at the beginning of Chenghuachu also promoted the production of porcelain. This is one of the reasons for Chenghua Porcelain's achievement.

When we browse Chenghua porcelain, we must also talk about a special reason that affects the porcelain, that is, Emperor Xianzong's infatuation with Wangui.

The Chenghua Emperor liked a palace lady 19 years older than herself and loved her for life. Due to Chenghua Emperor’s lavish love for Wangui, it caused the first chaotic situation in the late Ming dynasty. For example, relatives of Wan Gui’an rushed to seize Mintian under her shelter. Many bureaucrats also got promoted by bribing her and waited. Wait. Naturally, because of the love of Wangui’s love for porcelain, Chenghua’s imperative for the manufacture of porcelain was highly valued, and the Emperor Chenghua’s emperor had won a lot of exquisite porcelain in Jingdezhen in order to win the favor of Wangui. Officials at both the upper and lower levels of Chenghua have also followed suit in order to please Wanjiao and have contributed to the manufacture of porcelain. The Ming Shi Food and Food Chronicles gave a general description of the large number of porcelains produced at the time: "Between Chenghua and Jingdezhen, which were relegated to Chinese officials, they were burned and made with imperial porcelain for a long time and they could not afford to pay for it." One of the important factors for the achievement of porcelain is achievement.

Ming Chenghua blue and white flowers, Baozhi Cup, 4.8 cm in height, 8.1 cm in diameter, 3.2 cm in diameter, and Chenghua in the Chenghua era, are an important period in the history of porcelain burning. The exquisite porcelain styling, fine and clean fetal bones, fine and pure color materials, and soft and calm colors, The painting is elegant and elegant, and its style of cleanliness is unique.

Chenghua porcelain inherited the essence of ancient heritage, but also created its own unique style. Chenghua pursues small and medium-sized works, paying particular attention to lines and shapes, and pleasing to the eye. Porcelain production in this period attached importance to ornamental porcelain and playing porcelain, reaching a historical peak from an artistic and aesthetic point of view. “It's clear to see Chenghua and clear to see Yongzheng.” This is a very high evaluation of future generations of Chenghua porcelain.

Browse Chenghua Porcelain with the support of theoretical foundation and historical knowledge. If you can still see the real thing and have the opportunity to get started, then you can roam in the Imperial Garden of Imperial China and feast on your eyes. You can enjoy the charm of the skin by enjoying the skin with the person you are in direct contact with.

Appreciation of Chenghua porcelain must start with the fetal bone and enamel. This is the foundation of porcelain. Based on the judgment of the eye, modern science and technology are used to test the utensils for fetal bone and enamel. The data is its own bones, and the two can be perfect.

Some Chenghua porcelain tires are thin and light, and some Chenghua porcelain fetal bones are thick. The thin tires are exquisitely carved, and the fetal quality is white, fine, beautiful and light, slightly fleshy under the light and translucent. Some thin-fetal porcelain thin like paper, both sides of the light, and even the back of the pattern are faintly visible, if there is any residual iron in the fetus. Chenghua Porcelain touches the skin like a baby's skin, smooth and plump, and has a strong jade texture. This is a unique style of Chenghua official kiln.

The thick bones of the fetus are as calm as the jade. They are moist and mellow. The glaze is moist, moist and smooth, highlighting the spirit of noble gas and gentlemen.

Ming Chenghua dark dragon play beads white porcelain cup height 4.7 cm diameter 6 cm foot diameter 2.5 cm Chenghua porcelain raw materials for the period, "Ma warehouse soil." As the future generations have become deficient due to the shortage of soil, they have switched to other porcelains made of porcelain, leaving the inherent characteristics of Chenghua no longer present. Chenghua porcelain feet often reveal unglazed feet, showing yellow-brown or dark brown spots, commonly known as "rice paste bottom", Taipei Imperial Palace, Chenghuahua blue and white unicorn disc has the characteristics of rice paste bottom.

Chenghua porcelain is mostly white glaze, bright and clean glazed, as fat as jade. Other glaze colors are also available. The single color glazes include bright red glaze, yellow glaze, green glaze, blue glaze, sauce glaze, and enamel imitation of the previous generation. Chenghua porcelain enamel is quite fine, white glaze is generally white and slightly yellow and slightly yellow, glaze color; yellow glaze is generally yellow with a little green. It should be noted that there are few yellow glazed porcelain products during the Chenghua period, and firing cannot be said to be very successful.

The manufacturing process of porcelain is an important aspect of demonstrating the style of the times. We should carefully study the characteristics of its production process.

Chenghua porcelain has two kinds of glazing and exposed tires. At the end of the sand and the rims, there is a brownish-brown or dark-brown spotted “rice paste bottom”, but the essence of the carcass is solid and the quality of the fetal material is pure and moist.

Chenghua porcelain repair tires are quite regular and meticulous, and some of the artifacts are formed by stepwise casting, and the abdomen conceals tire marks, but it is not obvious. The bottom of the bowl and plate utensils is straight and high, the foot and foot walls are narrow, and when the foot ridge is rounded, it is muddy and back-shaped, and it is rarely seen to cut the foot. Yellow jaundice can sometimes be seen at the feet of the feet. The glaze in the utensils and the glaze are smooth and delicate. Most of the external wall of the foot is surrounded by two or three chord lines, one on top, two near the edge of the bottom of the foot, and the circle near the foot root is deeper, the upper one is lighter. Porcelain plates often have a collapse phenomenon.

Mingchenghua green color glaze dragon pattern bowl high 9.5 cm diameter 21.5 cm foot diameter 8.8 cm Chenghua porcelain production process is very mature, the use of blown glaze method is quite common. From the glaze can be clearly seen, Chenghua porcelain has rarely seen orange peel. Especially in the later period of Chenghua porcelain, there is basically no obvious defects in the process, unlike the bubble age in the period of Yongxuan, the bubbles of Chenghua porcelain are relatively uniform, indicating that its stirring technology for glaze is more mature than Yongxuan period. Under light irradiation, Chenghua porcelain glaze is moist and subtle, smooth and smooth. The pattern content is clear and elegant, showing an extraordinary charm.

To appreciate the Chenghua porcelain, the color material is an important element that cannot be ignored, and it must firstly experience its green material. The Chenghua blue and white flower is mainly used for equality, and its color is soft and elegant. This is one of the main characteristics of Chenghua porcelain.

The production of Chenghua Blue and White Porcelain still used Su Ma from the green material in the early period, and the relics of Xuande still existed. The brushstrokes were also touched with small strokes by Xuande Blue and White. The blue flowers have a strong hair color with shades and dark brown crystal spots, which are very close to the blue flowers in the late Xuande period. But soon this kind of green material is not easy to obtain, so it uses equal green material. Equitable green out of Leping County in Jiangxi Province, also known as 陂塘青. It contains less iron and contains more manganese. Therefore, the coloration of Chenghua's blue flowers has changed significantly from that of Yong Xuan. The blue and white color of the equal green material tends to be soft and elegant, the color is stable, and the blue is blue and green. Since there is less iron, naturally no rust spots are seen. Moreover, Chenghua's coloring material is refined and contains less impurities, so it makes the blue and white flower color stable, quiet and white, and it is in harmony with the pure and warm carcass phase contrast.

The elegant and elegant blue-and-white flowers also provided a foil to the addition of other varieties of Chenghua porcelain. Among them, Chenghua Dou Cai porcelain, which has made remarkable achievements, not only laid the foundation for the later generations, but also established an insurmountable milestone.

At the same time, Chenghua blue and white porcelain hair color is often due to enamel hypertrophy, blue and white and cloud cover the phenomenon of looming, especially in the bottom foot of the green material color tone is particularly prominent.

Chenghua blue and white slender lines, more use of double hook line hook Le pattern, and then rendered in the pattern. Double-hook line with thick pens, rendering with a light pen, so its color is mostly light and elegant.

However, in the Chenghua period, the firing of porcelain was made with firewood, and the temperature in the kiln caused the flow of the glaze, the shade of the green material was different, and the phenomenon such as fainting; the kiln crack, brown eye, orange peel, etc. Although it has been greatly reduced, it still exists. However, its degree is obviously different from Yong Xuan porcelain.

It is worth mentioning that Chenghua's color material has a unique color in the Chenghua porcelain. Jingdezhen's local saying goes "If you want to be poor and you want to burn red," you can see the hardships of red. I experienced the ceramics of Chenghua porcelain as follows: The characteristics of Hongcai are “bright red, bright and bloody, and uneven in thickness”; Chenghua’s goose is yellow, delicate, transparent, and slightly greenish; apricot is yellow and reddish; water green, Leaf green, green mountain, all transparent and slightly flashy yellow; honey wax yellow, slightly transparent color; dark purple; ginger thick dark; purple, dark and dark. The color of the "Zi Zi" color, color, such as red iron, the surface dry and dull, it is difficult for future generations to imitate, can be described as a special sign of the Chenghua generation.

In Chenghua colored porcelain, glaze red is very rare, and some people think that Chenghua has almost no glaze red. My opinion is yes, but it is rare. According to the legend, in order to please Wanjiao, the kiln workers of Baili, Trinidad, and even Wanli choose one and send them a good red glaze. Chenghua glaze red perfect people are precious.

Another innovation of Chenghua Porcelain is based on the blue-and-white painting of the blue-and-white flowers. It also invented and created a new multicolored porcelain variety, Dou Cai, combining glaze underglaze and glaze glaze. The color of the bucket is developed from the blue color of Xuande blue and white flowers. Chenghua Doucai is another major achievement in the history of China's porcelain making process, and has played an important role in the subsequent production of ceramics.

The bucket color is hailed as "blue and white color". The production process of the bucket color is to use a green material to outline the outline of the pattern with a fine pen on the porcelain tire. After the cover glaze is burned at a high temperature, the glaze is filled with the outline of the multicolored blue-and-white pattern according to the design, and then enters the kiln. Second firing at low temperature. In the blue-and-white flowers, there are five kinds of buckets. Famous utensils are chicken cups, cups for three cups, cups for children, cups for grapes and cups for birds and birds. There is also a lid jar that falls on the bottom of the utensils and is called sky. The word tank is the best in Chenghua bucket color.

Chenghua Dou Cai can be summed up with the words "Quality is fine". "Tang's reference examination," said: "Temple of God temple, the emperor has a cup and a pair, worth a hundred thousand, the end of the Ming Dynasty has been so valuable." The Ming Dynasty Shen Defu "Wan Liye": "The kiln is expensive, The second time, Xuande, who was the owner of the Cup, was the first person to come to the capital, and each pair of kiln cups went to the bank of silver and silver, so that the tongue could not be laid down." Number two, Xuande and Chenghua are times, and it is not enough for chicken pots and non-Platinum Wuyi cities to be powerful people.” Qingren Zhu Xi’s “Tao Shuo” commented: “Cheng Kiln is multicolored, and wine glasses are The chicken tank is the most."

The paintings of Chenghua porcelain are smooth and exquisite, with a clear artistic conception and a sense of refinement. In the middle and later stages, Chenghua’s porcelain gradually increased its interest in religion, and Chenghua’s porcelain significantly increased the patterns associated with Buddha and Taoism, such as Arhattus, Gaussian, Sanskrit, and Babao, becoming another era of Chenghua’s porcelain at that time. feature.

The decoration of Chenghua Porcelain is also an aspect worthy of analysis and research. Chenghua Porcelain ornamentation is delicate and soft. It uses multiple lines to outline the coloring method. The fill is lighter, the blue and white flowers are elegant and light, and the artwork is elegant and chic. Chenghua Emperor's appreciation of the level and sentimental, sentimental, lack of awe-inspiring character is reflected.

The Chenghua Porcelain ornamentation began to appear relatively decorative patterns, using symmetrical, repeating techniques, like the decoration of modern lace. Bottles and cans are decorated with banana leaves or seawater patterns according to the requirements of the main pattern. Patterns and textures of lotuses, lotuses, plums, ganoderma flowers, okra peony, branches and branches, flowers, chrysanthemums, flowers, orchids, gardenias, gems, camellia, morning glory, lotus Eight treasures, dragons and phoenixes, fire clouds, lions, kylin, marine beasts, flowers and birds, dragons, infant operas, ladies, high stone and Sanskrit. The inside and outside of the mouth are mostly chord lines, and a few are decorated with scrolls or ribbons. One of the eight patterns in the Lotus Collection is the pattern that began to become popular in the period of Chenghua. Although the courtyard map of the tree and stone railings appeared early, it was also celebrated as Chenghua. In these patterns, especially the dragons and the cross Baodi are the most representative ones. The dragon's mouth is often called a lotus, so it is also called vanilla dragon. The traditional concept is that the Chenghua porcelain pattern is represented by vanilla dragon.

The decoration of Chenghua Porcelain is painted with a flat coating method. Leaves, flowers, and rocks have no yin and yang back points, and there is no sense of roughness. Character clothes only painted a monochrome coat, no underwear set off, so there is "a kiln clothing," said.

From the study of painting style in the Ming Dynasty, the influence of Ming style on porcelain painting can also be realized. The decoration on the Chenghua is more refined than before. It can be seen that the literary paintings of the Yuan Dynasty were elegant and unconstrained. Porcelain paintings of this period also appeared near pattern-like patterns. The pictures were concise and regular, such as the group flower.

Chenghua douquing objects pay attention to shades of decoration, mainly flat paint, pattern parts painted directly with color, regardless of yin and yang, can not be a good representation of the pattern of the yin and yang surface, so the artifact screen layering is not very strong.

Chenghua's porcelain styling has its own characteristics. Its shape is mellow, exquisite and handsome, and the style of the objects is dignified without losing the beauty of shape and beauty of lines.

There has always been a saying that "Chenghua has no device", but from the point of view of handed down articles, Chenghua's large porcelain pieces are not absent but rare. The common Chenghua Kiln Porcelain includes bowls, plates, cups, tall cups, high bowls, recumbent bowls, cans, boxes, stoves, washing, plum bottles, pear pots, pot holders, and Yuhu spring bottles, among which The Neck flask is the best in Chenghua porcelain.

The bottom section of Chenghua porcelain is an important part of reading Chenghua porcelain, and must not be overlooked. Chenghua porcelain I have almost never seen no money. The bottom section of Chenghua porcelain is mostly the "Liming Chenghuanian" six-character script. There are individual "Daming-year system" or "Daming-year-made" models, never seen "Chenghua year system" section. Moreover, Chenghua porcelain only has a cover book, and there is no cover book. In addition, it is the "sky" mentioned above.

The sight of Chenghua Ceramics I have seen is written in green material without exception. The "Liu Ming Cheng Huanian System" in the regular script "Liu Ming Cheng Huan" is a double-circle or double-frame frame with blue and white flowers, and there are also very few sidebars. The location of the landing is basically at the bottom of the utensils, as well as the inner edge of the dish or the foot cup of the high cup. The styles are written from right to left with green materials. The fonts are generally not very neat. The fonts are fat and clumsy. The arrangement of the six-character style is not very regular and the size is not uniform. If you sum up, you can understand that the features of the adulterated characters are deep fonts, no sense of floating, powerful writing skills, pens and centers, thick pens, and thick fonts, so there is a saying of “Chenghua Feifei”. Although its fonts are not rigorously regulated, they are like children's books, but they are full of paperwork. The blueprint of Chenghua Kiln knows nothing about the hand of a man, but it is less than that of the past. At the same time, by carefully observing the characteristics of the fetal glaze and the green material, it can be seen that the fluency of writing strokes makes the shade change of the shade of green material and the color difference generated by the picture frame reflect the unique charm of the falling of the Chenghua porcelain.

The late Forbidden City ceramics connoisseur Mr. Sun Yizhou once summarized the characteristics of Chenghua’s knowledge: “The large-tip circular head is not high, and the word is hard and straight until it is waisted. The character is flat and the head is small. Ying Wu, who has three heads and shoulders in a word, said that the upper part of the "big" character in the paragraph has a round and pointed circle, and the beginning is not very high; the word "Cheng" is straight and hard. The word “化” on the left and the “匕” on the right side are almost equal; the word “衣” in the lower half of the word “制” does not cross the last vertical hook of the right knife; the word “明” is on the left Most of the "days" are trapezoidal or narrowly trapezoidal or the same above and below; the last point of the word "cheng" is that some of the points are on the horizontal side, and some of the points are on horizontal and horizontal sides, and some of the points are below horizontal. The most common point is in the horizontal and flat areas. Some people find that there are individual "Cheng" characters that do not have this. The word “Heaven” was only found on the Chenghua bucket, and Mr. Sun Yuzhou summed up the word “Heaven” and made a song saying: “The word of heaven is the official but the word is Shen Yunmeng. The Kangxi dry imitation is a skill, but the word is floating. "Lightly upturned." It is said that Chenghua is an official kiln-colored can, with a "sky" character on the outer bottom, and there are no sidebars; because the enamel is hypertrophic, the blue-and-white writing "sky" is immersed in clouds. feel. The Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong dynasties in the Qing Dynasty all imitated Tianzi cans. Although the counterfeiting skills were good, the fonts had floating and floating clouds. Although counterfeiters of Chenghua porcelain have been available for generations, there are few who can confuse the truth.

In addition, there are a small number of Chenghua porcelains that use the six-character style cross section (flat head) and should also be recognized.

According to reports, in 1975 and 1987, two excavations were conducted on the Zhushan site of the Yuki Kiln factory in Jingdezhen. A large number of Chenghua porcelain pieces were unearthed, confirming the variety of Chenghua porcelains and rich colors, and many varieties are still first sighted. Red earth green color, red glaze white flowers and so on. In addition to the famous Douhua porcelain of Chenghua Dynasty, there are also colored ceramics and monochromatic glazes inherited from the Xuande Period. They are blue and red, blue and green, blue and white, white and white. Glazing sauce, white glaze red color, white glaze yellow color, white glaze green color, prime three color, silk flower, imitation brother glaze, white glaze, yellow glaze, blue glaze, red glaze, etc., the production process are very fine, are It has not appeared in the past.

Every time I stroll and browse through Chenghua Porcelain, I always have feelings. The only regret is that I hope that every piece of Chenghua Porcelain can be scientifically tested to obtain data. These data will be very useful for today and for the future. In this way, there is a basis for verification and comparison at any time.

Although the Chenghua porcelain is exquisite, there are always flaws in the hand-made porcelain. However, under the conditions at that time, it has already reached its peak. Although Chenghua’s porcelain still has some defects, such as shades of green hair, and faint haze, the degree of progress has been greatly improved compared to Yong Xuan porcelain. In addition, Chenghua porcelain was well-made and strict in selection. At that time, almost all were selected into the Imperial Palace. There were very few people who flowed to the civil society. Therefore, Chenghua Porcelain was a great part of life.

Inquiry is always endless. I believe that only if it is not discovered, it cannot be discovered forever. Believe in history, believe in science, study modestly, and tirelessly, you can always forge ahead. To enable Chenghua porcelain lovers to study and understand the essence of Chenghua porcelain more effectively and objectively, I would like to show my collection together with pictures of some certified collections (such as museum collections). For comparison, in order that we can benefit from it, even a slight improvement in the judgement ability of Chenghua Porcelain is satisfactory.