The earliest phoenix bird pattern in China was discovered in the primitive society of Yangshao culture. There were dragon and phoenix-shaped neck pots unearthed from the first ridge in the northwest of Shaanxi, and the double-phoenix butterfly-shaped butterfly carved on the ivory unearthed from Yuyao Hemu, Zhejiang. The embryonic shape of the phoenix bird. The pattern of the phoenix bird that first appeared on the jade was started in Yufeng, which was unearthed from the Yinhou Tomb of Yinxu, Anyang, Henan. The times were in the late Shang Dynasty, about the 13th century BC. The jade phoenix unearthed from the tomb of the Shang Dynasty is the earliest phoenix bird image that has been carved on the jade.
Phoenix is ​​a symbol of poultry beautification, so the study of phoenix birds can not be separated from the study of poultry ornamentation. Throughout the development and changes of the phoenix ornamentation, we can always find the commonality of its artistic style in the poultry ornamentation of the same period. There are more poultry works in the jade carvings of Shang Dynasty: there are phoenixes, birds, cranes, hawks, lynxes, parrots, geese, pigeons, swallows, pelicans, ducks, etc. The phoenix bird culture with jade as the carrier has been passed down from the primitive society.
Phoenix bird jade in the Western Zhou Dynasty
Shang Feng Bird: Realistic and exaggerated coexistence
The Yinxu Women’s Tomb is unearthed from the tomb, and the head is back to the head. The crown and the dragonfly are like chickens. The short-winged long tails and the tail feathers are divided into two crosses. The wings are smashed out of the Yang line and the posture is extremely vivid, showing the artist's exquisite skills. and creativity.
In terms of styling, the Shang Dynasty phoenix jade wares are all closed, eye-catching, high-crown with fin-toothed, tail-tailed, gazing, and strict rules. In the early stage, there were many flaky shapes, and in the late stage, round phoenix birds appeared. In terms of ornamentation, the phoenix bird eyes are mostly made of the oracle bone "eye" shape (with double hooks, single hook), commonly known as the "chen" word, and the invisible round eyes, the positive round eyes, the round eyes, the outer two rings The eyes and the eyes go to the eye shape. Phoenix birds are mostly honed by a combination of realism and exaggeration. The contours are concise, and the geometric double-hook lines are used to decorate the high crown, the full wings, the long tail feathers, and the large and powerful claws. Shang pattern poultry feathers and feather multi pattern for decoration.
Techniques used in the drilling, grinding, incised lines, carved line, at the other side of Yin and Yang line or the periphery and with "withdrawal" blade, generating a ramp effect, commonly known as "slope side", bas-relief or with a double hook knife cut withdrawal lines for decorative feathers.
In terms of materials, the merchant used to use colored stone jade. Good woman tomb unearthed jade Shang Dynasty has begun to prove that enabled Xinjiang Hetian jade jade, jade, topaz, black jade, jade and other sugars. In addition, there Xiuyan, Liaoning, Henan Nanyang jade and so on.
Western Zhou Feng Bird: The patterned lines are beautiful and smooth
The Western Zhou Dynasty jade crafts began to follow the traditional style of the Shang Dynasty, and gradually formed its own style and characteristics. In terms of styling, the phoenix birds on the jade wares in the Western Zhou Dynasty are mostly small, vivid and lovely. This period was also dominated by flaky, and the number of round carvings increased. However, the crotch of the phoenix bird pattern has changed compared with the Shang Dynasty. The crotch becomes longer and becomes a pointed hook, and the upper and lower lips are also hooked outward.
In terms of materials, the merchant used to use colored stone jade. Good woman tomb unearthed jade Shang Dynasty has begun to prove that enabled Xinjiang Hetian jade jade, jade, topaz, black jade, jade and other sugars. In addition, there Xiuyan, Liaoning, Henan Nanyang jade and so on.
The crown of the phoenix bird evolved from a gorgeous multi-toothed crown to a phoenix crown with a long strip to the front and the lower part of the hook. The western Zhou Fengfeng jade jade has a small number of small pieces in addition to the large handle. Generally, there are round holes for hanging. The phoenix birds in this period were formed more independently and less on other objects.
In the carving technique of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the bird's pattern is good at using the thin and negative lines and the thick and negative lines to combine the thin and negative lines to describe the theme. The lines are strong and vivid. In this period, the instinct line is usually used to remove the knife. The Yin line is wider, smoother, more expressive, and has a strong sense of flow. The portrayed phoenix lines are beautiful and smooth, and the outline is clear.
There was no new breakthrough in the shape of the phoenix bird jade in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but there was a great development in the transformation of the bird shape to the phoenix bird pattern, and the rough style of the previous period was changed. Jade ornamentation absorbs a large number of phoenix bird patterns from the bronze pattern, which makes the phoenix bird pattern develop in the direction of patterning. The phoenix bird pattern becomes a popular theme in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The prevalence of this theme reflects the worship of birds and birds at that time, and also reflects the aesthetic fashion of the people during this period.
In terms of jade materials used in the Western Zhou Dynasty, most of them were selected from local high-quality jade carvings, and the amount of jade jade was not much. Visible and jade jade is still a rare jade material.
Spring and Autumn Warring States Phoenix Bird: Gentle and beautiful feminine personality
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was a period of transition from slavery to feudalism, political lords contending for hegemony, and hundreds of thoughts contend. For the sake of their own interests, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty royal family and the various princes regarded jade as their own (gentleman) incarnation. They admire jade and admire themselves as benevolent gentlemen with "German". Therefore, jade is particularly popular at this time.
In terms of styling, the phoenix bird pattern during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period changed the mystery and rigor of the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The phoenix bird pattern of the raptor image was less common. Instead, the image of the phoenix bird with the neck, long legs and gentleness appeared. Beautiful and delicate, dynamic and light. The phoenix bird pattern in this period is no longer the rule of the mouth, eye-catching, and gaze of the gaze as in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, but tends to develop into a state of lightness, liveliness, and freedom of screaming and stretching.
In the ornamentation, the half-leaf crown (like the cat ear) began to appear in the early Warring States period. In the late Warring States period, the ribbon-shaped crown appeared, floating to the back of the brain and curling upwards, shorter. Although there are still bas-relief lying on the feathers in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, more of them are decorated with curly ribbons to decorate the wings and phoenix tails, showing a lively and feminine personality. In the decoration of the phoenix eye, in addition to the rounded stenciled line or the rounded sacred eye in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the eye appears in the late Warring States with a drop-like shape of the Yinxian eye, and there is an olive-shaped Yin-cut line, and some increase the eyeliner before and after. It makes the eyes of the phoenix birds in the Warring States period more beautiful than the round eyes of the Shang Dynasty. The Warring States jade has improved in polishing techniques compared with the previous issues. The jade is polished and bright, fully showing the texture of jade.
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the number of jade carvings of jade carving birds was small, and gradually increased after the middle of the Warring States period. In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, no matter whether it was a sheet or a round sculpture, there were more phoenix birds formed separately. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was generally decorated on the jade, jade, jade, jade and jade pipes.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the use of Daiyu was further expanded to enter the various vassal states, while the color stone jade was reduced to subordinate status.
Qin Han Feng Bird: Fei Ming dances to the world Taiping
The phoenix bird pattern in the Qin and Han Dynasties basically inherited the shape of the phoenix bird pattern in the Warring States Period. The phoenix bird's long crown, neck-shaping and phoenix-eye are round, which is extraordinarily charming and fascinating. What has changed is that the image of Feng is light and beautiful, and the dynamics of flying and dancing are the expressions of “Feng Feiming is the world’s peaceâ€. Round carved phoenix jade pieces, full body.
In the Qin and Han Dynasties, the phoenix heads have clear patterns on the chest, and most of the phoenix eyes use circular incision lines. Some of them have a yin line extending beyond the back of the eyes, which makes them look beautiful. Most of the phoenix mouths are screaming, and in the middle of the Han Dynasty, there was a phenomenon of the beaded sash in the mouth of the phoenix bird. The phoenix bird's wings and tail are decorated with single or double stencil lines, and there are techniques for removing the knife. At this time, the edges are decorated with hairstains. The hairspring is a kind of ornamentation of the Han Dynasty. It is small and appears to be free. And named), the flower bud pattern began to be applied to the decoration of the feather wing, and in the joint of the phoenix bird, most of the vortex pattern.
After the unification of Qin and the development and growth of the national power in the early Han Dynasty, especially the Han Wu Emperor sent an envoy to the Western Region of Zhang Yutong. Since then, Xinjiang and Daiyu have entered the mainland in large quantities, accelerating the development of the jade in the Han Dynasty. At that time, the folks also used a certain number of Shaanxi Lantian jade and Henan Nanyang jade.
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